Influencia de la dieta vegetariana en el microbioma intestinal humano

Autores/as

  • Alejandro Borrego-Ruiz Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED)
  • Juan José Borrego Universidad de Málaga

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.12873/443borrego

Palabras clave:

Microbioma intestinal, Dieta vegetariana, Metabolitos microbianos, Posbióticos

Resumen

Introducción: Las dietas vegetarianas son cada vez más populares en todo el mundo, sobre todo por sus beneficios para la salud, por su sostenibilidad medioambiental, y por su contribución al bienestar animal. Varios estudios han identificado una asociación entre el vegetarianismo y distintos indicadores de salud, por medio de una modulación de la diversidad y de la estabilidad del microbioma intestinal humano.

 

Metodología: Desde una perspectiva holística, se revisan los efectos de las dietas vegetarianas en la composición de la microbiota intestinal y en la producción de metabolitos microbianos que pueden afectar a la salud física y mental humana.

 

Resultados: La adopción de una dieta vegetariana, rica en fibras no digeribles, reduce la diversidad microbiana b del microbioma intestinal humano, conduciendo a un aumento en la abundancia de los géneros Prevotella, Clostridium y Faecalibacterium, y a una disminución de los géneros Bacteroides y Bifidobacterium.

 

Conclusiones: La fermentación de las fibras y el cambio del ecosistema microbiano intestinal se traduce en la producción de metabolitos, como los ácidos grasos de cadena corta (AGCC) y otros posbióticos, que ejercen efectos muy beneficiosos en el sistema inmune intestinal, en la integridad de la barrera hematoencefálica, en el suministro de sustratos energéticos, y en las defensas contra patógenos microbianos.

Citas

Craig WJ, Mangels AR, Fresán U, Marsh K, Miles FL, Saunders AV, et al. The safe and effective use of plant-based diets with Guidelines for Health Professionals. Nutrients. 2021; 13(11): 4144. doi: 10.3390/nu13114144

Ruby MB. Vegetarianism. A blossoming field of study. Appetite. 2012; 58(1):141-50. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2011.09.019

Fox N, Ward K. Health, ethics and environment: A qualitative study of vegetarian motivations. Appetite. 2008; 50(2-3):422-9. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2007.09.007

Neufingerl N, Eilander A. Nutrient intake and status in adults consuming plant-based diets compared to meat-eaters: A systematic review. Nutrients. 2021; 14(1):29. doi: 10.3390/nu14010029

Gilsing AM, Crowe FL, Lloyd-Wright Z, Sanders TA, Appleby PN, Allen NE, et al. Serum concentrations of vitamin B12 and folate in British male omnivores, vegetarians and vegans: Results from a cross-sectional analysis of the EPIC-Oxford cohort study. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2010; 64: 933-9. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2010.142

Melina, V., Craig, W., & Levin, S. Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Vegetarian diets. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2016; 116(12):1970-80. doi: 10.1016/j.jand.2016.09.025

Norman K, Klaus S. Veganism, aging and longevity: New insight into old concepts. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2020; 23(2): 145-50. doi: 10.1097/MCO.0000000000000625

Jin Y, Kandula NR, Kanaya AM, Talegawkar SA. Vegetarian diet is inversely associated with prevalence of depression in middleolder aged South Asians in the United States. Ethn Health. 2021; 26:504-11. doi: 10.1080/13557858.2019.1606166

Borrego-Ruiz A, Borrego JJ. Human gut microbiome, diet, and mental disorders. Int Microbiol. 2024a; 27(3). doi: 10.1007/ s10123-024-00518-6

Berg G, Rybakova D, Fischer D, Cernava T, Vergès MC, Charles T, et al. Microbiome definition re-visited: Old concepts and new challenges. Microbiome. 2020; 8:103. doi: 10.1186/s40168-020-

-0

Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021; 372:n71. doi: 10.1136/bmj.n71

Salonen A, de Vos WM. Impact of diet on human intestinal microbiota and health. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol. 2014; 5:239-62. doi: 10.1146/annurev-food-030212-182554

Cantarel BL, Lombard V, Henrissat B. Complex carbohydrate utilization by the healthy human microbiome. PLoS One. 2012; 7:e28742. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028742

Eilam O, Zarecki R, Oberhardt M, Ursell LK, Kupiec M, Knight R, et al. Glycan degradation (GlyDeR) analysis predicts mammalian gut microbiota abundance and host diet-specific adaptations.

mBio. 2014; 5:e01526-14. doi: 10.1128/mBio.01526-14

Hibberd MC, Wu M, Rodionov DA, Li X, Cheng J, Griffin NW, et al. The effects of micronutrient deficiencies on bacterial species from the human gut microbiota. Sci Transl Med. 2017; 9:eaal4069. doi:

1126/scitranslmed.aal4069

Sidhu SRK, Kok CW, Kunasegaran T, Ramadas A. Effect of plantbased diets on gut microbiota: A systematic review of interventional studies. Nutrients. 2023; 15(6):1510. doi: 10.3390/nu15061510

Arumugam M, Raes J, Pelletier E, Le Paslier D, Yamada T, Mende DR, et al. Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome. Nature. 2011; 473(7346):174-80. doi: 10.1038/nature09944

Wu GD, Chen J, Hoffmann C, Bittinger K, Chen YY, Keilbaugh SA, et al. Linking long-term dietary patterns with gut microbial enterotypes. Science. 2011; 334:105-18. doi: 10.1126/science.

Jain A, Li XH, Chen WN. Similarities and differences in gut microbiome composition correlate with dietary patterns of Indian and Chinese adults. AMB Express. 2018; 8:104. doi: 10.1186/s13568-

-0632-1

De Filippo C, Cavalieri D, Di Paola M, Ramazzotti M, Poullet JB, Massart S, et al. Impact of diet in shaping gut microbiota revealed by a comparative study in children from Europe and rural Africa. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2010; 107:14691-6. doi: 10.1073/ pnas.1005963107

Tomova A, Bukovsky I, Rembert E, Yonas W, Alwarith J, Barnard ND, et al. The effects of vegetarian and vegan diets on gut microbiota. Front Nutr. 2019; 6:47. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00047

Xiao W, Zhang Q, Yu L, Tian F, Chen W, Zhai Q. Effects of vegetarian diet-associated nutrients on gut microbiota and intestinal physiology. Food Sci Hum Wellness. 2022; 11(2):208-17. doi: 10.1016/j.fshw.2021.11.002

Zimmer J, Lange B, Frick JS, Sauer H, Zimmermann K, Schwiertz A, et al. A vegan or vegetarian diet substantially alters the human colonic faecal microbiota. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2012; 66(1):53-60. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2011.141

Matijašic BB, Obermajer T, Lipoglavšek L, Grabnar I, Avguštin G, Rogelj I. Association of dietary type with fecal microbiota in vegetarians and omnivores in Slovenia. Eur J Nutr. 2014; 53:1051-

doi: 10.1007/s00394-013-0607-6

David LA, Maurice CF, Carmody RN, Gootenberg DB, Button JE, Wolfe BE, et al. Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome. Nature. 2014; 505:559-63. doi: 10.1038/natu re12820

Ferrocino I, Di Cagno R, De Angelis M, Turroni S, Vannini L, Bancalari E, et al. Fecal microbiota in healthy subjects following omnivore, vegetarian and vegan diets: Culturable populations and rRNA DGGE profiling. PLoS One. 2015; 10(6):e0128669. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128669

Ruengsomwong S, La-Ongkham O, Jiang J, Wannissorn B, Nakayama J, Nitisinprasert S. Microbial community of healthy Thai vegetarians and non-vegetarians, their core gut microbiota, and pathogen risk. J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2016; 26:1723-35. doi: 10.4014/jmb.1603.03057

Federici E, Prete R, Lazzi C, Pellegrini N, Moretti M, Corsetti A, et al. Bacterial composition, genotoxicity, and cytotoxicity of fecal samples from individuals consuming omnivorous or vegetarian diets. Front Microbiol. 2017; 8:300. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00300

Zhang C, Björkman A, Cai K, Liu G, Wang C, Li Y, et al. Impact of a 3-months vegetarian diet on the gut microbiota and immune repertoire. Front Immunol. 2018; 9:908. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00908

De Angelis M, Ferrocino I, Calabrese FM, De Filippis F, Cavallo N, Siragusa S, et al. Diet influences the functions of the human intestinal microbiome. Sci Rep. 2020; 10(1):4247. doi: 10.1038/s41598-

-61192-y

Kahleova H, Rembert E, Alwarith J, Yonas WN, Tura A, Holubkov R, et al. Effects of a low-fat vegan diet on gut microbiota in overweight individuals and relationships with body weight, body composition, and insulin sensitivity. A randomized clinical trial. Nutrients. 2020; 12(10):2917. doi: 10.3390/nu12102917

Pagliai G, Russo E, Niccolai E, Dinu M, Di Pilato V, Magrini A, et al. Influence of a 3-month low-calorie Mediterranean diet compared to the vegetarian diet on human gut microbiota and SCFA: the CARDIVEG study. Eur J Nutr. 2020; 59(5):2011-24. doi: 10.1007 /s00394-019-02050-0

Trefflich I, Jabakhanji A, Menzel J, Blaut M, Michalsen A, Lampen A, et al. Is a vegan or a vegetarian diet associated with the microbiota composition in the gut? Results of a new cross-sectional study and systematic review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2020; 60(17):2990-3004. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2019.1676697

Kohnert E, Kreutz C, Binder N, Hannibal L, Gorkiewicz G, Müller A, et al. Changes in gut microbiota after a four-week intervention with vegan vs. meat-rich diets in healthy participants: A randomized controlled trial. Microorganisms. 2021; 9(4):727. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms9040727

Prochazkova M, Budinska E, Kuzma M, Pelantova H, Hradecky J, Heczkova M, et al. Vegan diet is associated with favorable effects on the metabolic performance of intestinal microbiota: A crosssectional multi-omics study. Front Nutr. 2022; 8:783302. doi:

3389/fnut.2021.783302

Shen X, Tilves C, Kim H, Tanaka T, Spira AP, Chia CW, et al. Plantbased diets and the gut microbiome: Findings from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of aging. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2024; 119:628-38. doi: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2024.01.006

Aguilar-Toalá JE, Garcia-Varela R, Garcia HS, Mata-Haro V, Gonzalez-Cordova AF, Vallejo-Cordoba B, et al. Postbiotics: An evolving term within the functional foods field. Trends Food Sci Technol. 2018; 75:105-14. doi: 10.1016/j.tifs.2018.03.009

Borrego-Ruiz A, Borrego JJ. An updated overview on the relationship between human gut microbiome dysbiosis and psychiatric and psychological disorders. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2024b; 128:118061. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp. 2023.110861

Cryan JF, O’Riordan KJ, Sandhu K, Peterson V, Dinan TG. The gut microbiome in neurological disorders. Lancet Neurol. 2020;

:179-94. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(19)30356-4

Koh A, De Vadder F, Kovatcheva-Datchary P, Bäckhed F. From dietary fiber to host physiology: Short-chain fatty acids as key bacterial metabolites. Cell. 2016; 165:1332-45. doi: 10.1016/ j.cell.2016.05.041

Quagebeur R, Dalile B, Rae, J, Van Oudenhove L, Verbeke K, Vrieze E. The role of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in regulating stress responses, eating behavior, and nutritional state in anorexia nervosa: Protocol for a randomized controlled trial. J Eat Disord. 2023; 11(1):191. doi: 10.1186/s40337-023-00917-6

Peng H, Ouyang L, Li D, Li Z, Yuan L, Fan L, et al. Short-chain fatty acids in patients with schizophrenia and ultra-high risk population. Front Psychiatry. 2022; 13:977538. doi: 10.3389/ fpsyt.2022.977538

Hossen MS, Ali MY, Jahurul MHA, Abdel-Daim MM, Gan SH, Khalil MI. Beneficial roles of honey polyphenols against some human degenerative diseases: A review. Pharmacol Rep. 2017; 69:1194-

doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.977538

Landete JM, Arqués J, Medina M, Gaya P, de Las Rivas B, Muñoz R. Bioactivation of phytoestrogens: Intestinal bacteria and health.

Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2016; 56:1826-43. doi: 10.1080/1040

2013.789823

Tomás-Barberán FA, González-Sarrías A, García-Villalba R, NúñezSánchez MA, Selma MV, García-Conesa MT, et al. Urolithins, the rescue of “old” metabolites to understand a “new” concept: Metabotypes as a nexus among phenolic metabolism, microbiota dysbiosis, and host health status. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2017; 61:1. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201500901

LeBlanc JG, Milani C, de Giori GS, Sesma F, van Sinderen D, Ventura M. Bacteria as vitamin suppliers to their host: A gut microbiota perspective. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2013; 24:160-8. doi: 10.1016/ j.copbio.2012.08.005

Cornish S, Mehl-Madrona L. The role of vitamins and minerals in psychiatry. Integr Med Insights. 2008; 3:33-42.

Giacoppo S, Galuppo M, Montaut S, Iori R, Rollin P, Bramanti P, et al. An overview on neuroprotective effects of isothiocyanates for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Fitoterapia. 2015; 106:12-21. doi: 10.1016/j.fitote.2015.08.001

Horácková Š, Plocková M, Demnerová K. Importance of microbial defence systems to bile salts and mechanisms of serum cholesterol reduction. Biotechnol Adv. 2018; 36:682-690. doi: 10.1016/ j.biotechadv.2017.12.005

Chen S, Shao Q, Chen J, Lv X, Ji J, Liu Y, et al. Bile acid signalling and its role in anxiety disorders. Front Endocrinol. 2023; 14:126

doi: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1268865

Hashimoto K. Gut-microbiota-brain axis by bile acids in depression. Psychiat Clin Neurosci. 2022; 76(7):281. doi: 10.1111/ pcn.13370

Li S, Hua D, Wang Q, Yang L, Wang X, Luo A, et al. The role of bacteria and its derived metabolites in chronic pain and depression: Recent findings and research progress. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2020; 23(1):26-41. doi: 10.1093/ijnp/ pyz061

Praveenraj SS, Sonali S, Anand N, Tousif HA, Vichitra C, Kalyan M, et al. The role of a gut microbial-derived metabolite, trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), in neurological disorders. Mol Neurobiol. 2022; 59(11):6684-700. doi: 10.1007/s12035-022-02990-5

Obeid R, Awwad HM, Keller M, Geisel J. Trimethylamine-N-oxide and its biological variations in vegetarians. Eur J Nutr. 2017; 56:2599-609. doi: 10.1007/s00394-016-1295-9

Descargas

Publicado

08-07-2024

Cómo citar

Borrego-Ruiz, A., & Borrego, J. J. (2024). Influencia de la dieta vegetariana en el microbioma intestinal humano. Nutrición Clínica Y Dietética Hospitalaria, 44(3). https://doi.org/10.12873/443borrego

Número

Sección

Revisiones

Categorías