Efecto del entrenamiento de tarea dual sobre las manifestaciones clínicas de la sarcopenia: una revisión exploratoria.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12873/433sepulvedaPalabras clave:
Sarcopenia, envejecimiento, ejercicio, cognicionResumen
Introducción: La Sarcopenia es una enfermedad definida como la presencia de una baja masa muscular, fuerza y/o rendimiento físico, que genera un impacto negativo para la salud del adulto mayor, por lo que su prevención y tratamiento es fundamental. Nuevos programas de ejercicio con tareas duales motoras y cognitivas han sido propuestos para el trabajo con adultos mayores, pero sus efectos en variables clínicas de la sarcopenia han sido poco explorados.
Objetivo: El objetivo de esta revisión exploratoria fue analizar las características de los programas de ejercicio de tareas duales y sus principales efectos en las variables clínicas de la Sarcopenia en adultos mayores.
Materiales y Método: Se realizó una revisión exploratoria siguiendo PRISMA-ScR, buscando en 5 bases de datos (PubMed, Scopus, Web of science, LILACS y PEDro). Utilizando términos en idiomas español, inglés y portugués, hasta enero del 2023. La calidad de la evidencia fue analizada con la escala PEDro.
Resultados: De un total de 2570 registros únicos, se seleccionaron 12 ensayos clínicos aleatorizados (58,3% de los estudios con calidad metodológica de moderada a alta). Aumentos en la velocidad de la marcha, longitud del paso, rendimiento físico y fuerza muscular fueron los principales efectos de las intervenciones. Las estrategias motoras incluidas fueron actividades funcionales como caminar, sentarse y levantarse de una silla, que se combinaron con estrategias cognitivas de atención y el lenguaje. Realizadas en sesiones de 30-60 minutos, 2-3 veces por semana durante un máximo de 26 semanas.
Conclusión: Programas de ejercicios con tareas duales motoras y cognitivas generan efectos positivos en la velocidad de la marcha, y fuerza muscular, las cuales son variables importantes para el diagnóstico de la Sarcopenia. Sin embargo, más estudios son necesarios de mejor calidad metodológica que evalúen los efectos de esta modalidad de ejercicios en la masa muscular en adultos mayores.
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