Factors Associated to Body Mass Index (BMI) in adolescent in south Jakarta: Cross Sectional Study

Abstract

Nutrition plays a vital role in the health and well-being of adolescents, particularly for high school students, as it influences physical, cognitive, and academic performance. This study examines the relationship between energy intake, macronutrient composition, and physical activity, and their impact on nutritional status among senior high school students. A cross-sectional study was conducted in August 2024, involving 216 students (109 females and 107 males) from Muhammadiyah Senior High Schools 3 and 18. The study assessed dietary intake using a 24-hour recall questionnaire and physical activity through the IPAQ-Short Form. Nutritional status was evaluated using BMI-for-age criteria. Results showed that 31% of students had adequate calorie intake, while 69% had insufficient intake. Additionally, 79% had inadequate fat intake, and 113 students had insufficient protein intake. A significant gender difference in BMI categories was observed, with more males falling into the overweight category, while females were more likely to have normal BMI. No significant correlation was found between physical activity or caloric intake and BMI, although a higher percentage of students with excessive calorie intake tended to be overweight. The study highlights the importance of balanced energy intake and regular physical activity in maintaining a healthy weight. Furthermore, it underscores the need for targeted interventions in adolescents to promote optimal nutrition and physical activity, especially in school settings. The findings suggest that while gender influences BMI distribution, the role of calorie intake and physical activity is complex and requires further investigation to understand its full impact on adolescent health.