Dietary patterns and their association with stages 3, 4 and 5 of renal function in adult patients without substitutive treatment

Abstract

Introduction. Multiple studies have evaluated the relationship between diet and chronic kidney disease  (CKD). However, few evidence on the association between dietary patterns (PD) and kidney function stages in the Mexican population. objective. Identify dietary patterns and evaluate their association with stages of renal function. Material and methods: Cross-sectional study in 224 adult participants without renal replacement therapy. Diet intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. The PDs were characterized, from 17 food groups, through a multivariate cluster analysis. Renal function stages were determined by estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Associations were evaluated using multinomial logistic regression models. Results. Three DPs were identified: the "mixed-healthy" DP characterized by a higher consumption of fruits, foods of animal origin with a moderate content of purines, vegetables, legumes, cereals, tortillas, polyunsaturated fats-cooking oils, and Mexican food; the PD “meats/beverages-unhealthy” for foods of animal origin high in purines, sausages, wheat and derivatives, soft drinks, and sugary drinks; the PD “coffee” due to greater consumption of coffee. Participants with adherence to the “meats/drinks-unhealthy” PD, compared to those with a “mixed-healthy” PD, were three times more likely to have stage 4 (OR 3.01, 95% CI; 1.11, 8.17, p = 0.030) and five times more than stage 5 (OR 5.02, CI95%; 1.42, 17.78, p = 0.012) of renal function, in the model adjusted for age and sex. This association remained in the fully adjusted model. No association was found between the “Coffee” PD with the stages of renal function. Conclusion. Adherence to an unhealthy PD was associated with more advanced stages of kidney function. It is necessary to strengthen nutritional education from the early stages of chronic kidney disease.